| Timothy Maitho Elias Publications |
| 1 | 2013 | Monitoring Rainfall Data To Estimate Milk Production In Mweiga Location, Nyeri County, Kenya
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| 2 | 2009 | The Pharmacokinetics Of Pyrethrins In Lactating And Non-lactating Ewes After Oral And Subcutaneous Administration
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Pyrethrins were administered orally and subcutaneously (SC) at 150 mg/kg body weight to 10 lactating and non-lactating ewes in a cross over experimental design. A gas chromatographic method was used for analysis of Pyre-thrins in serum and milk samples from the experimental animals. The disposition curves were bi-exponential after first-order absorption and fitted 1 and 2 compartmental models. The maximum plasma concentration (Crnax) of Pyrethrins following oral and SC administra¬tion was 0.08 fig/ml and 0.1} fig/ml respectively with the corresponding time to maximum concentrations (Trnax) being 1 hr and 2 hrs respectively. At 48 hours, serum Pyrethrins levels were below the limit of detec¬tion of 0.005 fig/ml. Absorption was significantly higher for SC route compared to oral routes (p<0.05) but half¬lives (11/2B) were not significantly different for the two routes (p>0.05). The mean residence time (MRT) was 9.7 hours. Total clearance was 4,337 and 3,180 litres/ kg/hr for oral and SC routes respectively. Pyrethrins were secreted in milk at levels of up to 0.005 fig/ml. It was concluded that in ewes, Pyrethrins are rapidly absorbed after orally and SC, widely distributed and eliminated from the body within 24 hours, Secretion into milk occcurs in ewes but the residues in milk are too low to toxic effects in humans.
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| 3 | 2006 | Mbaria, J.M., Maitho, T.E. And Mitema. E.S. 2006. The Efficacy Of A Pyrethrum Extract Against Mixed Natural Gastrointestinal Helminths Infestations In Puppies. The Kenya Veterinarian 29
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with Gerd Antos & Eija Ventola. |
| 4 | 2005 | Mbaria, J.M., Class, T.J., Baker, R., Mitema, E.S. And Maitho, T.E. 2006. Analysis Of Pyrethroids In Air Using Commerical XAD Sampling Catridges And Gas Chromatography. The Kenya Veterinarian 29
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with Gerd Antos & Eija Ventola.
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| 5 | 2005 | Maitho, T.E., Mbithi, P.M.F., And Mavuti, K.M. 2005. The Research Degree And Role Of Supervisor: University Of Nairobi Examples Of Best Practice And Critical Problem Areas
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| 6 | 2005 | Gakuya, D.W., Mbithi, P.M.F., Maitho, T.E., Musimba, N.K.R., And Mugambi, J.M. 2005. Evaluation Of The Efficacy Of Aqueous Extract Of Albizia Anthelmintica And Maerua Edulis Against Nematode Heligmosomoides Polygyrus Infections In Mice. The Kenya Veterina
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Anthelmintic activity of the water extracts of Albizia anthelmintica bark and Maerua- edulis root was evaluated in mice that had been experimentally infected with the intestinal nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus. The mice were randomly allocated into six treatment groups and one control group. Groups, 2, and 3 were given an oral dose of water extracts of A. anthelmintica at 5gm/kg, 10gm/kg and 20gm/kg bodyweight respectively in a divided dose on day 17 post-infection. Groups 4, 5 and 6 were given water extracts of M. edulis at a dosage of 5gm/kg, 10gm/kg and 20gm/kg bodyweight respectively in a divided dose. Group 7 was the control and was concurrently given a double oral dose of 0.2ml of physiological saline each. Mortality of some mice was observed in four groups after treatment. Five days after treatment, faecal worm egg count reduction was determined. The results showed a percentage faecal H. polygyus egg count reduction of 72%. 69%, 50%, 42% in groups 2,6,3 and 1 respectively. Seven days after treatment there was a reduction in worm counts at postmortem of 68%, 36%, /5%, 19%, 16% and 14% in groups 1,5,2 3,6, and 4 respectively compared to untreated controls. These results indicate that the plant extracts had anthelmintic activity and support the use of these plants as anthelmintics |
| 7 | 2005 | Maitho, T. 2005. Guidelines On Regulations And Syllabus For Postgraduate Programmes. University Of Nairobi Institute Of Tropical & Infectious Diseases Curriculum Development Workshop, Lake Bogoria Hotel, 10th
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Anthelmintic activity of the water extracts of Albizia anthelmintica bark and Maerua- edulis root was evaluated in mice that had been experimentally infected with the intestinal nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus. The mice were randomly allocated into six treatment groups and one control group. Groups, 2, and 3 were given an oral dose of water extracts of A. anthelmintica at 5gm/kg, 10gm/kg and 20gm/kg bodyweight respectively in a divided dose on day 17 post-infection. Groups 4, 5 and 6 were given water extracts of M. edulis at a dosage of 5gm/kg, 10gm/kg and 20gm/kg bodyweight respectively in a divided dose. Group 7 was the control and was concurrently given a double oral dose of 0.2ml of physiological saline each. Mortality of some mice was observed in four groups after treatment. Five days after treatment, faecal worm egg count reduction was determined. The results showed a percentage faecal H. polygyus egg count reduction of 72%. 69%, 50%, 42% in groups 2,6,3 and 1 respectively. Seven days after treatment there was a reduction in worm counts at postmortem of 68%, 36%, /5%, 19%, 16% and 14% in groups 1,5,2 3,6, and 4 respectively compared to untreated controls. These results indicate that the plant extracts had anthelmintic activity and support the use of these plants as anthelmintics |
| 8 | 2004 | COMPARATIVE EFFICACY OF PYRETHRUM MARC WITH ALBENDAZOLE AGAINST SHEEP GASTROINTESTINAL NEMATODES
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The efficacies of pyrethrum marc and of albendazole against experimental sheep gastrointestinal nematode infection were compared. Sheep were infected orally with 10 000 larvae (Haemonchus spp. (60.1%), Oesophagostomum spp. (13.9%), Trichostrongylus spp. (13.2%), Cooperia spp. (8.3%), Nematodirus spp. (3.5%), Strongyloides spp. (0.8%) and Ostertagia spp. (0.2%). Faecal egg count reduction in albendazole-treated sheep was 100% by day 4 following treatment, compared to 37.03%, 31.3%, 38.9% and 51.8% on days 4,6,8 and 10 in pyrethrum marc-treated sheep. These reductions were statistically significant on days 8 and 10 post-treatment (p<0.05). The potential for using pyrethrins for helminth treatment is discussed. |
| 9 | 2004 | The Potential Use Of Plant Anthelmintic For The Control Of Livestock Helminthoses In Kenya. The Kenya Veterinarian 26: 14-26.
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The efficacies of pyrethrum marc and of albendazole against experimental sheep gastrointestinal nematode infection were compared. Sheep were infected orally with 10 000 larvae (Haemonchus spp. (60.1%), Oesophagostomum spp. (13.9%), Trichostrongylus spp. (13.2%), Cooperia spp. (8.3%), Nematodirus spp. (3.5%), Strongyloides spp. (0.8%) and Ostertagia spp. (0.2%). Faecal egg count reduction in albendazole-treated sheep was 100% by day 4 following treatment, compared to 37.03%, 31.3%, 38.9% and 51.8% on days 4,6,8 and 10 in pyrethrum marc-treated sheep. These reductions were statistically significant on days 8 and 10 post-treatment (p<0.05). The potential for using pyrethrins for helminth treatment is discussed. |
| 10 | 2002 | Muchohi, S.N., Kokwaro, G.O., Maitho, T.E., Munenge, R.W., Watkins, W.M., And Edwards, I.G. 2002. Pharmacokinetics Of Phenytoin Following Intravenous And Intramuscular Administration Of Fosphentoin And Phenytoin Sodium In The Rabbit. European J. Of Drug M
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The efficacies of pyrethrum marc and of albendazole against experimental sheep gastrointestinal nematode infection were compared. Sheep were infected orally with 10 000 larvae (Haemonchus spp. (60.1%), Oesophagostomum spp. (13.9%), Trichostrongylus spp. (13.2%), Cooperia spp. (8.3%), Nematodirus spp. (3.5%), Strongyloides spp. (0.8%) and Ostertagia spp. (0.2%). Faecal egg count reduction in albendazole-treated sheep was 100% by day 4 following treatment, compared to 37.03%, 31.3%, 38.9% and 51.8% on days 4,6,8 and 10 in pyrethrum marc-treated sheep. These reductions were statistically significant on days 8 and 10 post-treatment (p<0.05). The potential for using pyrethrins for helminth treatment is discussed. |
| 11 | 1998 | MEDIAN LETHAL DOSES, CLINICAL SIGNS AND POST-MORTEM CHANGES IN ACUTE PYRETHRINS TOXICITY IN SHEEP AND RABBITS
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| 12 | 1998 | Levels Of Organochlorine Pesticide Residues In Milk Of Urban Mothers In Kenya
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| 13 | 1998 | Kinyamu, J.K., Skaare, J.U. Maitho, T., And Kanja L. 1998. Levels Of Organochlorine Pesticide Residues In Milk Of Urban Mothers In Kenya. Bull Environ. Contam Toxicol. 60 732-738
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| 14 | 1998 | Gikunju, J.K., Maitho, T.E., Mitema, S.E., And Mugera, G.M., 1998. Fluoride Concentration In Black Bass (Micropterus Salmoides) From Lake Naivasha, Kenya. Int. J. Biochem. Physics 6, 90
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| 15 | 1997 | ASPECTS OF THE PHARMACOKINETICS OF DOXYCYCLINE GIVEN TO HEAL
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The effect of experimentally induced Pasteurella haemolytica pneumonia on the pharmacokinetics of doxycycline (Doxycen Retard) administered intramuscularly was studied in seven East African dwarf goats. The study was conducted in two consecutive phases, separated by a washout ~eriod of four weeks. The experimental infection, induced by intratracheal administration of 5 ml of 10 to 109 cfu/ml of Pasteurella haemolytica, produced a temperature rise, depression and laboured breathing within 6-12 days after inoculation. The concentrations of doxycycline in the serum were determined by a quantitative microbiological assay using an agar-gel diffusion method employing Bacillus cereus var mycoides (ATCC 11778) as the test organism, with a level of detectability of approximately 0.05 ug/ml. The concentration-time curve of doxycycline in the serum after intramuscular injection of 20 mg/kg bodyweight of the long-acting formulation before and after experimental infection was adequately described by a one-compartment open model. The maximum serum concentrations (CmaJ of doxycycline were lower in pneumonic goats than in healthy goats (3.87±0.52 and 5.56±0.213 ug/ml, respectively), suggesting an increased distribution volume in the peripheral compartment. The mean ± SEM absorption rate (ka) before infection (1.13 ± 0.02 h-l) was smaller than that after infection (8.23 ± 3.81 h-l), but the difference was not significant. The apparent elimination half-life (tI/2~) (24.51 ±0.02 h) after infection was significantly increased (p < 0.05), while the corresponding rate constant (p) was decreased (p < 0.01). The absorption half-life (t1/2J (0.137±0.03 h) was significantly decreased (p<0.01) after infection. The distribution volume (Vd(~) was significantly increased after infection (p < 0.05). It is concluded that, although experimental infection had an effect on the disposition kinetics of doxycycline, this was not sufficiently pronounced to require alteration of the dosage during disease
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| 16 | 1995 | Gikunju, J.K., Mbaria, J.M., Maitho, T.E., Kyule, M. 1995. Water Fluoride In The Molo Division Nakuru District, Kenya. Fluoride 28(2) 17-20
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| 17 | 1994 | Mbaria, J.M., Maitho, T. And Muchiri, D.J. 1994. Acute Toxicity Of Pyrethrins In Red Masai Sheep And New Zealand White Rabbits Bull, Anim. Hlth. Prod. Afri. 42, 217-221
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| 18 | 1994 | Gikunju, J.K., Githui, K. And Maitho, T. 1994. Bore Hole Water In Nairobi Safe Or Risky. The Kenya Veterinarian, 16, 16-18
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| 19 | 1994 | Omija, B., Mitema, E.S. And Maitho, T. 1994. Oxytetracycline Residue Levels In Chicken Eggs After Administration Of Drugs To Medicated Drinking Water. Food Addi. Contamin. 11(6) 641-647
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| 20 | 1993 | Mbaria, J.M., Maitho, T. And Muchiri, D.J. 1993. Median Lethal Doss, Clinical Signs And Postmortem Changes In Acute Pyrethrins Toxicity Study In Sheep And Rabbits. The Pyrethrum Post. Vol. 19, 26-29
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| 21 | 1993 | Performance Of Weaner Sheep Fed Wheat Straw Ensiled With Caged Layer Waste
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The performance of weaner lambs fed for 90 days Rhodes grass hay alone (A) or supplemented with silages containing 0, 20 or 40% (B, C, D) caged layer waste (CLW) was examined. Weaver sheep on the diet of hay supplemented with 40% CLW silage had higher total DMI (P<0.01) and average daily gain (ADG) than sheep on the other treatments. Mean DMI/kg W 0.75 and ADG were 59.4, 58.7, 60.0 and 65.0 g/day and 15.0, 20.5, 17.6 and 33.2 g/day for treatments A, B, C and D, respectively. Carcass composition did not (P>0.05) differ between treatments except that kidney fat was lower (P<0.05) for sheep on the B silage diet. Dressing percentage, % lean, % fat were: 30.4, 31.4, 32.1 and 33.5, 58.0, 59.0, 58.9 and 58:5, 8.3, 7.2, 8.2 and 8.9% for treatments A, B, C and D, respectively. The study showed that CLW was a suitable protein supplement for sheep when processed by ensilage for 42 days at a level of 40% inclusion with wheat straw.
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| 22 | 1992 | Gikunju, J.K. Maitho, T. Birkeland, J.M. And Lokken, P. 1992. Fluoride Levels In Fish From Lakes Of Great Rift Valley, Kenya. Ecology And Food And Nutrition 27. 85-90
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| 23 | 1992 | Gikunju, J.K., Maitho, T. Birkeland, J.M. And Lokken, P. 1992. Fluoride Levels In Water And Fish From Lake Magadi, Kenya Hydrobiologia 234 123-127
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| 24 | 1992 | Maitho, T. 1992. A Study Of Pesticide Residues In Bovine Fat From Kenya. The Zimbabwe Veterinary Journal 23
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| 25 | 1992 | Mugachia, J.C., Maitho, T. Kanja, L. And Gitau, F. 1992. Organochlorine Pesticide Residues In Estuarine Fish From Athi River, Kenya. Bulletin Of Environmental Contamination Toxicology 49, 199-206
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| 26 | 1992 | Mugachia, J.C., Maitho, T. And Kanja, L. 1992. Organochlorine Pesticide Residues From Lake Naivasha And Tana River, Kenya. Bulletin Of Environmental Contamination Toxicology 49, 207-210
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| 27 | 1992 | Maitho, T. 1992. Organochlorine And Organophosphorus Pesticide Residues In Milk In Kenya. The Kenya Veterinarian
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| 28 | 1992 | Borehole Water In Nairobi: Safe Or Risky.
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| 29 | 1992 | Volume 234 (1992), Author Index
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| 30 | 1992 | Caged-layer Waste As A Nitrogen Source In Crop-residue Utilization
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Examine the effect of processing methods on the composition and degradability of caged-layer waste (CLW). Investigate the effect of ensiling CLW (as a nitrogen source) with crop residues on the chemical composition and degradability of the silage. The proximate composition of unprocessed, sun-dried, ensiled, deep-stacked and fumigated CLW are shown in Table 1. Assesses the effect of sun-drying, ensiling, deep-stacking and fumigating with formaldehyde gas on the nutritional value of caged-layer waste (CLW). Deep-stacking resulted in a higher (P0.01) ash content and undesirable odour, but also in a higher (P0.01) dry-matter degradability (DMD) than the other treatment methods. Duration of sun-drying or deep-stacking or the number of times the CLW was fumigated did not affect (P0.05) DMD in the rumen. However, ensiling CLW for 42 days resulted in a higher (P0.01) DMD than ensiling for 21 days and also reduced odour. Ensiling fibrous crop residues with caged-layer waste could provide a means of more efficiently utilising caged-layer wastes and crop residues as livestock feed.
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| 31 | 1991 | Kimani, V.W., Mukunya, D.M. And Maitho, T. 1991. A Study Of Mancozeb Residues In Tomatoes From Nairobi Markets. J. Africa. Acad. Of Sciences
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| 32 | 1991 | Maitho, T. 1991. Bioavailability Study Of Phenylbutazone In Cattle. The Zimbabwe Veterinary Journal 22 75-84
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| 33 | 1991 | Maitho, T. 1991. Therapeutic Principles In The Treatment Of Endometritis In Horses And Cattle. Submitted In The Kenya Veterinarian
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| 34 | 1991 | Effects Of Pyrethrins On Haemonchus Contortus In Vitro. Proceedings Of The First Inter-university Pharmacology And Toxicology Subject Meeting Held In Arusha, Tanzania From 24th-28th September, 1991
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| 35 | 1990 | Mburu, D.N., Maitho,. T. And Lokken, P. 1990. Acetylsalicylic Acid Or Paracetamol. E. Afr. Medical. J. 67, 302-300
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Paracetamol, a widely used non-narcotic analgesic, has the same analgesic, and antipyretic efficacy as acetylsalicylic acid (ASA). In contrast to ASA, paracetamol has traditionally been claimed to have little or no anti-inflammatory effect. There is, however, increasing support for the view that paracetamol has anti-inflammatory activity and reduces pain and swelling in inflammatory conditions other than rheumatoid arthritis. Overall, paracetamol seems to be equally effective as ASA. Since ASA has a greater potential for adverse effects, paracetamol is increasingly preferred to ASA, particularly in children.
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| 36 | 1990 | Kayongo, S.B., Wanyoike, M.M., Mbugua, P.N., Nyaga, P.N. And Maitho, T. 1990. The Role Of Caged Layer Waste As A Nitrogen Supplement To Crop Residues. Small Ruminant Conference, ILRAD, Nairobi, 10th-15th December, 1990
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| 37 | 1989 | Mugambi, .M., Maitho, T., Lokken, P. And Skaare, J.U. 1989. Organochlorine Pesticide Residues In Domestic Fowl (Gallus Domestics) Eggs From Central Kenya. J. Science Food. And Agric. 48, 165-176
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| 38 | 1989 | Maitho, T., 1989. Organochlorine And Organophosphorus Pesticide Residues In Milk Produced In Kenya. Proceedings Of The Third-World Conference On Environmental And Health Hazards Of Pesticides, Cairo-Egyp, December 11-15, 1989. III
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| 39 | 1989 | Muambi, J.M., Maitho, T., Lokken, P., Skaare, J.U. And Kanja, L. 1989. Organochlorine Pesticides In Kenyan Eggs. World Conference On Environmental And Health Hazards Of Pesticides, Cairo-Egypt, December 11-15, 1989. III
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| 40 | 1988 | Lees, P., Maitho, T., Ayliffe, T. And Taylor, J.B.O. 1988. Pharmacokinetics, Metabolism And Excretion Of Phenylbutazone In Cattle Following Intravenous, Intramuscular And Oral Administration. Res. Vet. 57-67
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| 41 | 1987 | Lees, P., Maitho, T. And Taylor, J.B. 1987. Pharmacokinetics Of Phenylbutazone In Adult Cattle Following Intravenous, Intramuscular And Oral Administration. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 92. 604
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| 42 | 1987 | Lees, P., Maitho, T., Taylor, J.B. And Millar, J.D. 1987. Metabolism, Excretion. Pharmacokinetics And Tissue Residues Of Phenylbutazone In The Horse. Cornell Vet., 77 192-211
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| 43 | 1986 | Maitho, T., Lees, P. And Taylor, J.B. 1986. Absorption And Pharmacokinetics Of Phenylbutazone In Welsh Mountain Ponies. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther. 9, 26-39
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The disposition of phenylbutazone (4.4 mg/kg), administered intravenously to six Welsh Mountain ponies, was described by a two-compartment open model. Pharmacokinetic parameters were not significantly different after morning dosing in comparison with afternoon dosing. When phenylbutazone (4.4 mg/kg) was administered orally to the same ponies, marked variations in time to peak concentrations were produced with different feeding schedules. When access to hay was permitted before and after dosing, the mean time to peak concentration was 13.2 ± 1.2 h and double peaks in the plasma concentration–time curve were common. Double peaks were also encountered when phenylbutazone was given to ponies deprived of food prior to, and allowed access to hay after, dosing. In this circumstance, mean times to peak concentration were much shorter (3.8 ± 1.3 h after morning dosing and 5.3 ± 1.5 h followed afternoon dosing). Absorption was more regular and double peaks were less apparent when food was withheld both before and after dosing. In order to explain these findings, it is tentatively postulated that, whereas some of the administered dose of phenylbutazone may be absorbed quickly, some may become adsorbed on to the feed and subsequently released by fermentative digestion in the large intestine and/or caecum. The consequences of delayed absorption in fed animals for toxicity and clinical efficacy, and for the use of phenylbutazone in equestrian sports, are considered. Delayed absorption in ponies given access to hay was not accompanied by a significant reduction in total absorption. Bioavailability was estimated to be approximately 69% in fed and 78%, in unfed ponies. Estimates of bioavailability gave similar values for morning (72%) and afternoon (71%) dosing.
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| 44 | 1986 | Lees, P., Maitho, T. And Taylor, J.B. 1986. Absorption And Fate Of Phenylbutazone In The Horse Following Intravenous And Oral Administration. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 89, 762
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| 45 | 1985 | Lees, P., Ayliffe, T.R., Maitho, T., And Higgins, A.J. 1985. Pharmacokinetics And Pharmacodynamics Of Phenylbutazone And Related Drugs In Horses And Cattle. Third European Association Of Veterinary Pharmacology Congress Proceedings, Pp. 147
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| 46 | 1985 | Lees, P., Maitho, T., And Taylor, J.B. 1985. Pharmacokinetics Of Phenylbutazone In Young And Old Ponies, Vet. Rec. 116, 229-232
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| 47 | 1983 | *6FFBC058752C37F0ACD407CD04F39F6DD393B3C8
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| 48 | 1983 | Lees, P., Maitho, T. Creed, R.F.S. And Gerring, E.L. 1983. Biochemical And Haematological Effects Of Phenybutazone In Riding Horses. Association Of Veterinary Clinical Pharmacology And Therapeutics Proceedings. 7 28
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| 49 | 1983 | Lees, P., Maitho, T. Creed, R.F.S. And Gerring, E.L. 1983. Biochemical And Haematological Effects Of Recommended Dosage Of Phenylbutazone In Horses. Equine Vet. J., 15, 158-167
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| 50 | 1982 | Maitho, T. 1982. Pharmacokinetic And Toxicology Studies Of Phenylbutazone In The Horse And Cow. A Thesis Submitted For The Ph.D Degree In The Univeristy Of London
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| 51 | 1982 | Lees, P., Maitho, T., Millar, J.D. And Taylor, J.B., 1982. Pharmacokinetics Of Phenylbutazone In Welsh Mountain Ponies. Pharmacology And Toxicology Veterinaries, Inra Publ. Paris 159
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| 52 | 1982 | Lees, P., Maitho, T. And Taylor J.B. 1982. Phenylbutazone In The Horse. Veterinary Record. 110 599
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| 53 | 1982 | Pharmacokinetics Of Phenylbutazone In Welsh Mountain Ponies
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